Introduction
ONE. BASIC SITUATION OF YAO NATIONALITY
I. distribution of the population
Yao nationality is an important member of 55 minorities in China. According to the fifth population census of China in 2000, there are more than 2.63 million Yao people living in China. In addition to more than 600 thousand Yao people who have migrated to other countries, Yao people has a population of more than 320 million. Yao people in China live in vast areas, mainly spread over 134 counties of six provinces in the south of China, which are Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou and Jiangxi. Of all these provinces, Guangxi Cueng autonomous region has the largest Yao population, altogether 1 million and 472 thousand, that take up 56% of total Yao population. Yao people in Guangxi are mainly distributd in six Yao autonomous county, which are jinxiu, fuchuan, gongcheng, du’an, dahua and bama and other counties, such as Longsheng, quanzhou, guanyang, ziyuan, pingle, lipu, xing’an, yongfu, lingui, rong’an, rongshui, hezhou, zhongshan, zhaoping, yizhou, nandan, donglan, tian’er, fengshan, mashan, shanglin, shangsi, guiping, lingyu, napo, xilin tianlin and tiandong. The population of Yao people in Hunan province is 705 thousand. They mainly live in cities like yongzhou, zhuzhou, chenzhou, shaoyang, huaihua, hengyang and counties like jiangyong, ningyuan, lanshan, xinning and guiding and jianghua Yao autonomous county. In all of the places mentioned, jianghua has the largest Yao population, which is more than 280 thousand, almost half of total Yao population in Hunan. Guangdong has a Yao population of 203 thousand. Yao people in Guangdong mainly live in ruyuan, liannan and lianshan Yao autonomous counties in the northern mountains and other counties like yangshan and lianxian. There is 190 thousand Yao people living in Yunnan province, mainly spread over Yao autonomous counties like hekou and jinping and other counties like mengla, malipo, guangnan and funing. Guizhou has a Yao population of 44 thousand. They lives in libo, liping, congjiang, rongjiang and majiang. The Yao population in Jiangxi cannot compare with other provinces. It’s only 1,198, all of them are living in counties which adjoin Guangdong and Hunan, like quannan. Most of Yao people abroad live in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Burma, US, Canada and France. Of all these counties, Vietnam has the largest Yao population, which is more than 540 thousand. That takes up almost 85% of the total population of Yao living abroad. Yao people migrated from Guangxi and Yunnan to Southeast Asia from Ming and Qing dynasty. They migrated to western countries in the late 1970s, which make them a "cross the border" nationality.

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II. Natural environment
Yao is a mountainous region nationality in southern China. Most of them live in the alpine forest region, the average altitude of which is about 1000 meters. Part of Yao people living in the rocky mountainous region, where adverse natural condition is bad for people to maintain their living. Only a few Yao people blend in Han Chinese and live in hills and river valley. The geographic distribution of Yao people begins in the east from Wuling mountain in Guangdong ruyuan and ends at Ailao mountain in Yunnan mengla and jinping in the west. In the north, it begins at Jiuyi mountain and chenxi mountainous region in Hunan yongzhou and ends in dawei mountain in Yunnan hekou and Great mountains in Guangxi fangchengguang city in the south. These vast and curved mountainous region is where Yao people live. Of these regions, mountain chains like South Mountains, which is also called Five mountains (yuecheng mountain, mengzhu mountain, qitian mountain, dupang mountain), Great Mountains, duyang mountain, xuefeng mountain, luoxiao mountain, liushao mountain and ailao mountain are undulating and plenty of streams run among them. These areas where mountains join sloping fields is where Yiuh people have built up their families and relied on generations, especially South Mountains, is an important residential place for Yiuh people. According to the census in 2000, Yiuh people live here take up 42% of Yiuh population in China. The situation that there is no mountain in South Moutains area where Yiuh people do not live is formed because of that. Rocky mountainous regions along the bank of hongshui river in Guangxi and in Guangdong qingyuan where Yiuh people spread, are the worst places for human beings to live. That fact that the geographical surface of these areas is covered by 90% of rock and 10% of earth lead to the bad living condition. In these palces, the basic demand of drinking water for people and cattle can not be satisfied. However in these bare karst mountainous area, due to long-term erosion of water, bizarre hoodoos, steep crests, deep caverns and flickering subterranean streams are formed. All these elements constitute a omniform and beautiful natural landscape. Most of spots are peaceful, which make them famous tourist attractions.
The vast areas where Yiuh people live are in the south of China and possess advantageous location. Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Hunan five provinces adjoins Vietnam, Thailand, Hongkong and Macau, which belong to the pan-pearl river delta. Convinient transportation and quick information make this region the major hub for land and water communication from south to north and also an important corridor for shifting industries from Hongkong, Macau and developed coastal areas to interior areas. The advantaged geographic lacation contributes to introduction of foreign equipment, technology and capital together with the regional associations and combinations of domestic enterprises for residental places of Yiuh people.
The topography of the areas where Yiuh people live are complicated. Besides mountainous regions, there are parts of Yiuh people living in the hilly lands on the lower slopes of mountains, valley floor on each side of the river and sporadical villages where terrain is relatively gentle. The altitudes of these areas range from 100 to 400 meters. The terrain is getle and fields are fertile here. In addition to the excellent irrigation condition, these places are suitalbe for growing rice, corn and sugercane. Like the flatlands surrounding gongcheng and fuchuan counties, these areas are the most developed in Yiuh region. On the whole, no matter flatlands or mountains, Yiuh region belong to sub-tropical areas with mild temperature, adequate rainfall and abundant natural resources.

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1. Forest resources Forests take up a large percentage of total mountainous Yiuh regions. The forests mostly consist of firs, pines and bamboos. They are important timber production base in southern China. Besides, there are oil-tea camellias, tung trees, Illicium verum trees and cinnamon in economic forests. Plenty of rare medicinal herbs grow in Yiuh mountainous regions. For example, according to the survey conducted in 1981, there were 213 families 870 genera and 2335 species of plants found in jinxiu Yiuh autonomous county. The area of forests in Jinxiu is as large as 1 million and 200 thousand hectares. More than 2000 specific rare plants are preserved as important national protected plants, such as Yiuh-mount azaleas and Pseudotaxus chieniis. This area is also preserved as protection zone of headwater forest. Jiahua Yiuh autonomous county of Hunan province is located in the center of South mountains region. The firs grown here are of the top quality and win jianghua a beautiful name, land of fir in southern China. Because Yiuh people settled down here and began to reclaim wasteland and plant trees in large area in the past 100 years, the forest industry was developed rapidly. The percentage of forest cover in Yiuh region is more than 50%. For example, there arhee 890 thousand hectares of forests in liannan Yiuh autonomous county in 1988. The percentage of forest cover here is 51.6%
2. Hydropower resources The Yiuh mountainous regions are rich in water resources. Streams crisscross with each other and form a network of water resources. The two major tributaries of pearl river system, northjiang river and westjiang river, and xiangjiang river, zijiang river, yuanjiang river of the Yangtse river system all rise in Yiuh mountainous region. The current of these river is swift and the the drop is large. Because of that, water resources are not noly used for irrigation also used to generate electricity. For instance, there are 26 rivers in jinxiu Yiuh mountains flow into liujiang river, xunjiang river and guijiang river, which are all belong to pearl river system. These rivers flow through 7 counties and cities and irrigate 7 million hectares of farmland. The drop of the hongshui river which flow through yiuh regions in longlin, tian’er, donglan, bama, dahua and du’an of guangxi is so large that it is called as “high-grade ore” of hydroelectricity in China. Now a series of 10 power stations, such as Tianshengqiao, yantan, dahua and bailongtan, have been built. The total installed capacity is more than 12 million kilowatt-hours, which make these areas the largest base of hydroelectricity in China
3. Mineral resources Many places of Yiuh region are located in the zone of multimetallic mineralization. In these places, the copious minerals are of huge reserves and high quality and convinient to explore. For instance, the reserves of nonferrous metal, rare metals and nonmetallic ores in Guangxi rank the top 5 in China. Of these minerals, the reserve volumes of manganese, alumina, tin, and limestone are the largest. And considerable mineral resources are distributed in Yiuh region. According to mineral resources geological environment survey, gold, silver, copper, iron, phosphorus and tombarthite are deposited under the ground of Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong, especially the Yiuh regions of South Mountains.
In all, Yiuh regions with picturesque scenery and abundant resources have a promising futher of developing industry, agriculture and tourism.